فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 34 (زمستان 1396)

From the constructivism point of view, identity as a meaningful factor is not a constant matter but is current and variable. Essential components of identity also change and transform over time. Education is one of the most important institutions in which governments tend to inspire their intended identity towards society. The most important nationalistic components of Pahlavi government were based on ancient Iranian history and culture, and emphasized on the Iranian as Aryans was one of its main elements. History textbooks of this era had been produced through the influence of this discourse and in answering to the especial political and social needs of it. Using historical analysis method and exercising constructive theory, the aim of this article is to represent the racial identity of Pahlavi government in History textbooks and answer this question that what is the position of the race in identity-making in History textbooks? Findings of this research shows that the identity based on Aryan race had especial presentation as the identity’s main component in History textbooks. Emphasizing on Iranian racial superiority, connection to Europeans and differentiating with Arab race are amongst the main features of this racism.

Decrees on the prohibition of wine, drugs and beard shaving are among the most frequent social verdicts of the 11th century AH, which the quality of their execution is also mentioned in the historical sources of this period. Due to the silence of official sources about this case, the community’s point of view and public opinion about these decrees is ambiguous. The aim of this article is to achieve the important assumption, through thematic analysis of some friendly letters (Akhvaniat) of this era that the obligation of these decrees does not necessarily mean their definitive acceptance by the community and people with different social positions had dealt with these decrees in different manners. For instance, there were some poets and literates who protested and criticized these decrees, while most of the religious scholars and officials supported and agreed with these decrees due to their involvement in the process of issuing them. Although political officials who were eager to maintain their position had been wary and mostly abstained from expressing their point of views, their true orientation is visible in their works and lives. The ordinary people, who did not have a special social position and no opportunity to express their views, have shown their accompaniment or insubordination towards these decrees in their everyday life. Furthermore, the study of the various forms of these reactions shows that, given the opposition of the two main groups of the community, i.e. poets and ordinary people, reactions to the deterrent decrees of this period have appeared more often in opposition and lack of coexistence.

Pahlavi's magisterial modernity has brought changes in Iranian society. Afterwards, the everyday life of people, including their entertainment, has changed. The clerics saw some of these changes in conflict with the Islamic Shari'a and thus criticized this situation. The aim of this research is to study the approach of Darsshaee az Maktab-e Islam (Lessons from the School of Islam), the most popular and durable religious magazine during Pahlavi period, towards the common entertainment of that era. The main questions of this research are which characteristics of common entertainments of that period criticized more by writers of this magazine? From their point of view, which factors led to the promotion of unhealthy entertainment? This research has been done in descriptive method. The findings of this research indicates that in the years preceding the 28 Mordad coup d'état the free consumption of alcoholic beverages was considered the great sin by the religious persons. After the coup, due to the increasing of sexual contents in the press and cinematic films, the criticism of writers of the Maktab-e Islam magazine focused on this issue more than any other subject. During the early days of its publication, regarding the reason for the spread of unhealthy amusements the writers of the magazine raised the possibility that Colonialists are going to stupefied individuals in order to dominate the society. At the end of Pahlavi era and under the influence of the leftist intellectuals, they emphasized on the Western Capitalism’ usage of these tools for stupefying the society in order to maintain its influence and gain more benefit.

History of mentalities is one of the approaches in Historiography and one of the branches of Cultural History, which seeks to understand the mentality and beliefs of ordinary people towards different issues. One can use this approach to understand the history of Iranian architecture. As the Persepolis Complex and the Tomb of Cyrus are amongst the important works of Iranian architecture, the question of this study is whether the attitude and mentality of the people of the past, for example the people of Qajar era towards them have been the same as us. To answer this question, one can use the history of mentalities approach while using interpretive-historical research method and by studying written sources of Qajar era recognize the architectural mentality of people of that era. Accordingly, it seems that the people's perception and mentality towards monuments is very different from that of the present-day mentality. In the people’s general mentality, these works have closely been linked to myths and other common beliefs of their time.

The Chaleshtar castle in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari is decorated with varied and unique stone herbal, human and animal ornaments. In the decoration of this Qajar building, the traces of the three national, religious, and foreign patterns of the Qajar period are observed, especially in human designs. Resemblance of human ornaments in this building with aforementioned patterns influenced by native characteristics of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari is the subject and base of this practical case study and the aim of this research is to recognize and have a new perspective on the Qajar decoration art in architectural ornaments. Therefore, the hypothesis of maintaining Qajar originality while influenced by native culture of the region examined in stone motifs of this building in the statistical society of 36 stone ornaments frame with human figure. The data which is written in descriptive-analytical method, has been obtained through this case study is based on documentation, field observation and library information. Studying the status of the artwork along with description and categorizing of motifs based on three national, religious and foreign patterns lead to the discovery of secrets and explaining the unseen and unsaid about these motifs. The finding of this research indicates that “Bakhtiari local-native type” is present in the ornaments alongside Qajar style in aforementioned three patterns. Principles and rules of design and performance in aforementioned motifs is congruent with the function of various parts of the monument and features the native attitude of Bakhtiari people towards their time and place and the position of semi-formal monument as well.

Narmashir located in southeastern of Kerman is located in the ways connected center and west of Iranian plateau to the Southeast and coast of Oman. According to this, the evidences of settlements were formed and the fortifications related to them were built in this region. The purpose of this study is to explain the architectural characteristics of these monuments. There are questions that what were the characteristics of the defensive fortifications of Narmashir plain and what factors might have influenced their locations and what patterns were followed? The data gathered through “field and library method” and the methodology is descriptive - analytical. Some of the findings of this research that can be mentioned are as follows: there is a linear pattern in the spatial distribution of the defensive fortifications, there is a network of identical individual brick towers, the architectural elements follow the topography, there isn’t any stable pattern in their plans, they were built over the impassable natural platforms, the buildings were constructed on the southeast – northwest axis to counter to the effects of the weather and strong winds, the materials are consistent with the climate and the thickness of walls for better insulation of places.